NANOSCALE MATERIALS AND DEVICES FOR FUTURE COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

ABSTRACT

New discoveries in materials on the nanometer-length scale are expected to play an important role in addressing ongoing and future challenges in the field of communication. Devices and systems for ultra-high-speed short-and long-range communication links, portable and power-efficient computing devices, high-density memory and logics, ultra-fast interconnects, and autonomous and robust energy scavenging devices for accessing ambient intelligence and needed information will critically depend on the success of next-generation emerging nanomaterials and devices. This seminar presents some exciting recent developments in nanomaterials that have the potential to play a critical role in the development and transformation of future intelligent communication networks.

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Nokia Morph Technology

ABSTRACT

In business a product could have a shorter life if it can’t win the hearts of people and showcase new technology, so Nokia is coming up with the Nokia Morph flexible mobile phone which the company claims include nanotechnology and would immensely benefit its end-users. The main benefit of Nanotechnology is that its components are flexible, transparent and extremely strong. The company believes this latest technology would be a distinctive phone by 2015, but a few technical glitches remain to be solved, like the use of new battery materials etc.

Nokia morph is a joint technology concept, developed by Nokia Research Center (NRC) and the University of Cambridge (UK). The morph demonstrate how future mobile device might be stretchable and flexible, allowing the user to transform their mobile devices into radically different shaped. It demonstrates the ultimately that nanotechnology might be capable of delivering: flexible material, transparent electronics and self-cleaning surface. Fibril proteins are woven into three dimensional meshes that reinforce thin elastic structures. Using the same principle behind spider silk, this elasticity enables the device to literally changes shapes and configure itself to adapt to the task at hand.

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Issues of Routing IN VANET

ABSTRACT

Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is a sub class of mobile ad hoc networks. VANET provides wireless communication among vehicles and vehicle to road side equipments. The communication between vehicles is used for safety, comfort and for entertainment as well. The performance of communication depends on how better the routing takes place in the network. Routing of data depends on the routing protocols being used in network. In this study different ad hoc routing protocols for VANET are studied. The main aim of this study is to identify which ad hoc routing method has better performance in highly mobile environment of VANET. To measure the performance of routing protocols in VANET, two different scenarios i.e. city and highway are considered. Routing protocols were selected carefully after carrying out literature review. The selected protocols were then evaluated through simulation in terms of performance metrics i.e. throughput and packet drop. After simulation results, MATLAB can be used to plot the graph to compare the results of selected routing protocols with each other.

From the results, it is observed that A-STAR shows better performance in terms of high throughput and low packet drop as compared to AODV and GPSR in city environment, while GPSR shows better performance as compared to AODV in both highway and city environment of VANET. Based on the results of performance metrics in different environments of VANET, it is realized that position based routing method of VANET outperformed the traditional ad hoc topology based routing. In VANET the protocol performance depends on vehicle speed, driving environment etc. that may vary from one environment of network to another.

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Wearable Health Care System on Textile Platform

ABSTRACT

A comfortable health monitoring system is based on a wearable interface implemented by integrating fabric sensors, advanced signal processing techniques and modern telecommunication systems, on a textile platform. Conducting and piezoresistive materials in form of fiber and yarn are integrated in a garment and used as sensors, connectors and electrode elements. Simultaneous recording of vital signs allows extrapolation of more complex parameters and inter-signal elaboration that contribute to produce alert message and synoptic patient table. The system is designed to be minimally invasive, comfortable and wearable, where the knitted fabric sensors and electrodes are distributed and connected to an electronic portable unit, the acquired signals can then be transmitted to a monitoring system.

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APPLE – A Novel Approach for Direct Energy Weapon Control

ABSTRACT

Adaptive photonic based phase locked elements (APPLE) is Raytheon’s DARPA development initiative. The initiative is for development of a directed energy weapon that utilizes a beam combining technique for the achievement of high power. It will integrate the laser enabled weapon applications into unmanned aerial vehicles. The APPLE program is to enable all electronic combining of high-power laser engraver beams within an agile, conformal aperture-a practical approach to synthesizing high-power weapon laser engravers from low-power modules for applications such as laser radar, laser target designation, laser communications, and weapons grade lasers. The idea is to provide electro-optical systems with the same mission flexibility and performance that microwave phased arrays provide for RF applications such as radar and electronic warfare systems.

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Fluorescent Multilayer Disc (FMD)

ABSTRACT

Compact discs were a revolutionary product at its time and influenced many spheres of human activity. People started recording music of high quality, which didn’t get worse with the time as it happens to be on tape. As soon as CDs appeared in computer industry they immediately became an undoubted helper both for users and for programmers. The latter were able to increase volume of their program products by adding video and audio elements etc. Later discs were used for digital video (VideoCD).

But technologies are progressing. Data are growing faster and faster. A usual CD is far not enough (640 MBytes). So, there appeared DVD technology. Of course we are happy with those 17 GBytes that can be kept on one DVD disc, but this is a limiting point. So we need a completely new method of storing information on portable data medium. And at last, the company Constellation 3D demonstrates a new format: FMD (Fluorescent Multilayer Disk), which can provide us with a staggering 140 GB of storage space seems to be an enticing solution for the storage-hungry masses.

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Unified Theory of Electrification in Natural Processes

ABSTRACT

Electrification in natural processes is explained by photochemical reactions initiated by electromagnetic (EM) radiation induced in nanoparticles (NPs) by quantum electrodynamics (QED). The NPs ubiquitous to natural processes produce EM radiation depending on the thermal kT of atoms that at ambient temperature is emitted in the far infrared (FIR). However, EM radiation at vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) levels is required to initiate photochemical reactions, and therefore a mechanism is required to increase the frequency from the FIR to VUV levels – the mechanism called QED induced EM radiation. How the NPs form depends on the specific natural process, but all processes are unified by the VUV radiation induced in NPs by QED. For example, static electricity comprising positive and negative charges is produced from VUV induced in NPs that form in the rubbing of dissimilar solids, atmospheric electricity is produced by hydronium and hydroxyl ions from VUV induced in ice NPs as water vapor freezes at high altitudes, and flow electricity is produced by cations and electrons from VUV induced in NPs that form as clusters in turbulence. Prior applications of QED induced EM radiation were based on the EM confinement of FIR radiation in nanovoids (NVs) – bubbles in liquids and gaps in solids. But difficulties with NVs in this regard led to the conclusion that NPs whether liquid or solid are the most likely EM confinement of FIR radiation in natural processes. Compared to NVs, NPs assure EM confinement of FIR radiation to allow frequency up-conversion to VUV levels. Electrification first occurs at the instant the NPs form as the thermal kT energy of the atoms forming the NP is released in a burst of VUV radiation. Steady VUV is then produced as the NP recovers the thermal kT energy lost in the burst from blackbody (BB) radiation in the ambient surroundings. Either way, FIR radiation from the atoms within the NP is suppressed by QED because the FIR frequency is lower than the EM confinement frequency of NPs. To conserve EM energy, QED requires the kT energy loss corresponding to the suppressed IR radiation to be gained at the EM confinement frequency of the NP – typically in the VUV. In this way, the NPs produce the VUV radiation that by photochemical reaction with chemical species to produce charge in natural processes.

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Rover technology

ABSTRACT

Location-aware computing involves the automatic tailoring of information and services based on the current location of the user. We have designed and implemented Rover, a system that enables location-based services, as well as the traditional time-aware, user-aware and device-aware services. To achieve system scalability to very large client sets, Rover servers are implemented in an “action-based” concurrent software architecture that enables fine-grained application-specific scheduling of tasks. We have demonstrated feasibility through implementations for both outdoor and indoor environments on multiple platforms. The intriguing aspect of this scenario is the automatic tailoring of information and services based on the current location of the user. We refer to this paradigm as location-aware computing.

The different technology components needed to realize location-aware computing are present today, powered by the increasing capabilities of mobile personal computing devices and the increasing deployment of wireless connectivity (IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs [7], Bluetooth [1], Infra-red [2], Cellular services, etc.). Location-aware, in addition to the more traditional notions of time-aware, user-aware, and device-aware. Rover has a location service that can track the location of every user, either by automated location determination technology (for example, using signal strength or time difference) or by the user manually entering current location (for example, by clicking on a map).

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Embedded OS for Real-Time Applications

ABSTRACT

The advent of microprocessors has opened up several product opportunities that simply did not exist earlier. These intelligent processors have invaded and embedded themselves into all fields of our lives be it the kitchen (food processors, microwave ovens), the living rooms (televisions, air conditioners) or the work places (fax machines, pagers, laser printer, credit card readers) …etc.

As the complexities in the embedded applications increase, use of an operating system brings in lot of advantages. Most embedded systems also have real-time requirements demanding the use of Real time Operating Systems (RTOS) capable of meeting the embedded system requirements. Real-time Operating System allows realtime applications to be designed and expanded easily. The use of an RTOS simplifies the design process by splitting the application code into separate tasks. An RTOS allows one to make better use of the system recourses by providing with valuable services such as semaphores, mailboxes, queues, time delays, time outs…etc.

This report looks at the basic concepts of embedded systems, operating systems and specifically at Real Time Operating Systems in order to identify the features one has to look for in an RTOS before it is used in a real-time embedded application. Some of the popular RTOS have been discussed in brief, giving their salient features, which make them suitable for different applications.

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Zone Based Ant Colony Routing In MANET

ABSTRACT

Ant colony optimization (ACO) is a stochastic approach for solving combinatorial optimization problems like routing in computer networks. The idea of this optimization is based on the food accumulation methodology of the ant community. Position based routing algorithms (POSANT) had some significant loopholes to find route like it never guarantees the route would be the shortest one, in cases while it is able to find it. The routing algorithms which are based on ant colony optimization find routing paths that are close in length to the shortest paths. The drawback of these algorithms is the large number of control messages that needs to be sent or the long delay before the routes are established from a source to a destination.This paper presents a new routing algorithm for mobile ad hoc network by combining the concept of Ant Colony approach and Zone based routing approach using clustering to get shortest path with small number of control messages to minimize the overhead. Also this shows that zone based ant colony routing algorithm using cluster is more efficient than POSANT routing algorithm by comparative Overhead study of POSANT and Zone based Ant using clustering concept with respect to varying Node Number, Zone Size and Mobility.

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